Puntos para una lectura rápida
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La función del sistema inmunitario humano puede verse alterada por múltiples enfermedades que, fundamentalmente, deterioran la función de otros sistemas orgánicos.
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La disfunción inmunitaria secundaria provoca un aumento de la incidencia de infecciones y neoplasias malignas y la aparición de enfermedades autoinmunes.
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Las causas más importantes de disfunción inmunitaria son las anomalías bioquímicas, las exposiciones ambientales, diferentes trastornos médicos y las infecciones.
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Los pacientes inmunodeprimidos representan un amplio espectro de alteraciones inmunitarias.
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La prevención de las infecciones es de suma importancia para la cada vez mayor población de receptores de un trasplante de órgano sólido.
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El riesgo de adquisición de una infección y la incapacidad para prevenirla mediante vacunación están directamente relacionados con el “estado neto de inmunodepresión” del paciente.
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Todas las vacunas indicadas se deberían administrar a los pacientes adultos con cáncer antes del inicio de la quimioterapia, antes del tratamiento con otros fármacos inmunodepresores y antes de la radiación o la esplenectomía, cuando sea posible.
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Los tratamientos biológicos que inhiben la función inmunitaria presentan la posibilidad de provocar graves efectos inmunológicos involuntarios, como un mayor riesgo de infecciones o el desarrollo de tumores malignos o enfermedades autoinmunes.
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Los pacientes con enfermedad reumática inflamatoria autoinmune presentan un mayor riesgo de infecciones graves que, probablemente, se debe tanto a la disfunción inmunitaria relacionada con la enfermedad como al uso de fármacos inmunodepresores.
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Los pacientes inmunodeprimidos que planean viajar al extranjero deberían ser evaluados por un especialista en medicina de viajes familiarizado con la situación de inmunodepresión y los medicamentos del paciente, para programar las vacunas correspondientes.
Palabras clave
Sistema inmunitario
Respuesta inmunitaria
Disfunción inmunitaria
Inmunodepresión
Inmunodeficiencia
Paciente inmunodeprimido
Identifíquese
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