La toxina botulínica es una sustancia biológica producida por Clostridium botulinum, un bacilo grampositivo, anaerobio, recto o ligeramente curvado, que se encuentra ampliamente difundido en el suelo y en el ambiente marino de todo el mundo. Se trata de una neurotoxina proteica, la más potente conocida, que desde 1980, a raíz de su utilización por Scott en el tratamiento del estrabismo (se consideró entonces medicamento huérfano*), se ha convertido en uno de los tratamientos más eficaces de diferentes formas de distonías focales y otras discinesias provocadas por espasmos musculares. En este artículo se revisan las diferentes indicaciones autorizadas de la toxina botulínica, incluyendo otros usos clínicos actualmente en desarrollo cuyo empleo está siendo cada vez más difundido.
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